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Soil: Lavender needs loose, well draining soil. If your soil is heavy and contains clay, you will need to amend it with some sand and organic matter. The biggest destroyer of lavender plants is moisture - if the roots stay wet, they can rot, so it is imperative that where you plant your lavender gets good drainage.
Sun: Lavender grows best and it flowers best in full sun, although it can be grown in partial sun.
Water: Lavender plants that are newly transplanted will need some attentive watering, like any perennial. However once established, lavender is very drought tolerant and during the summer months we rarely water our lavender plants.
Fertilizer: Lavender is very sensitive to over fertilization. Do not fertilize with those granuals that you can normally toss out around the perennial/herb garden - they will burn up your lavender! When we establish a new bed, we will work some kind of organic fertilizer into the soil, like llama, sheep, rabbit and best - chicken - manure. (Although we are not "organic," we farm organically - we do not use any chemicals on our plants) Vermiculture (worm compost) is also very good for lavender beds. In the fall we will top dress around the lavender again with loose, dried manure. Lavender does prefer a sweeter soil, so you can amend with lime.
Mulch: Do not mulch lavender! Those traditional mulches will hold too much moisture at the base of the plant. We use a mixture of 50% sand/50% limestone sand to top dress our lavender beds.
Weeding: Like any plant it's important to keep weeds under control, because they rob the plants of vital water and nutrients. I hand weed, which is tedious, but also keeps the gardens looking their best.
Pests: The only insects I have seen on our lavender plants are spittlebugs, which are harmless and only lay their eggs in early spring under certain weather conditions. They do not eat the plants.
Disease: Lavender is very disease resistant and very hardy. Plants can live 10 years in full production - I've even seen an "Old English" lavandin plant that is over 25 years old.
Pruning: Pruning the lavender once a year is very important. I prune in early spring before new growth starts. Take 1/3 of the entire plant off, reshaping into a nice mound shape. Some lavender plants can get very "leggy" and they may need more attention to keep them in a nice shape. If you don't prune lavender it will develop a woody center and new growth will stop. The lavender will then sprawl and flower only on the outside edges, not in the center. Think of lavender as a semi-shrub and treat it that way and you will be happier with the look of the plants.
Harvesting: Harvest the flowers for their end use. For a fresh bouquet, pick when in full color and scent. For dried bundles, the stems must be harvested before the florets completely open. If you wait too long, they will just fall off when they are dried. If you pick them too soon, they will not have obtained good color. I check the gardens daily in the summer and harvest from each plant variety as it is ready. Pruning shears and scissors work, as do sheep shears. I take a handful of stems and cut them off at their base on the plant and wrap with rubber bands. If they are going to be dried, I then hang them upside down. Drying takes about 2 weeks, but is dependent upon humidity. Keep good air circulation and store your bundles out of direct sunlight.